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Inadequate
intake of vitamins is linked to chronic diseases (such as heart disease
and colon and breast cancer- folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12; prostate
cancer- vitamin E, lycopene; and osteoporosis- calcium, vitamin D). (4)
Vegetarians, seniors, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption have
an increased risk of poorer vitamin status.
HIV infection can negatively
affect many nutrients leading to secondary complications. Preliminary studies
conducted in Bangkok, Thailand show that micronutrient supplementation
may enhance the survival of PLWHIV who have low CD4 T-cell counts. (5)
As discussed in the Jan/Feb 2004 HIV Nutrition Update, numerous conditions
related to HIV infection and treatment may result in an increased need
for micronutrient supplementation. These conditions include HIV/AIDS transmission
and pregnancy, insulin resistance, cardiovascular complications, renal
disorders, hepatic functions, anemias, neuropathies, and orthopedic issues.
All of these conditions may result in an increased need for micronutrient
supplementation in PLWHIV.
Even in the U.S., sub-optimal
intake of some vitamins is common in both the general population and PLWHIV
as they do not eat a diet that provides an optimal amount of all vitamins.
Recent research findings show that vitamins
may help prevent infections in diabetics. In middle-aged women, low
vitamin E intake is a risk factor for early atherosclerosis. (6) Economical
measures such as uniform food fortification, vitamin and mineral supplementation,
education, and disease control can help to protect people against the consequences
of vitamin and mineral deficiency. (3)
Detrimental Effects
of Vitamin Usage: Clinical studies have not proven that high doses
of vitamins are safe. Some vitamins and minerals taken in excess
can be harmful. Over- supplementation of some micronutrients decreases
immune function and may increase the progression of HIV. For instance,
an excess of zinc or iron can result in decreased immune function. Some
vitamins in excess can cause problems like nausea, stomach cramps and diarrhea.
Also, as there may be interactions between antivirals, medications and
herbs, it is vital that PLWHIV learn more about vitamins and minerals before
they take them on a routine basis. Seeking reliable information on vitamins
and minerals from health care professionals such as Physicians, Registered
Dietitians (RDs), and Dietetic Technicians, Registered (DTRs), who are
familiar with these interactions, will help individuals to avoid unnecessary
complications.
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